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create website create website triangle(sideLength)    Shape.new(3, sideLength*3)   end   def Shape.square(sideLength)     Shape.new(4, sideLength*4)   end end There are many interesting and powerful uses of class methods, but exploring them won't get our jukebox finished any sooner, so let's move on. Access Control When designing a class interface, it's important to consider just how much access to your class you'll be exposing to the outside world.

create website Allow too much access into your class, and you risk increasing the coupling in your application---users of your class will be tempted to rely on details of your class's implementation, rather than on its logical interface. The good news is that the only way to change an object's state in Ruby is by calling one of its methods. Control access to the methods and you've controlled access to the object. A good rule of thumb is never to expose methods that could leave an object in an invalid state. Ruby gives us three levels of protection.

create website Public methods can be called by anyone---there is no access control. Methods are public by default (except for initialize, which is always private). Protected methods can be invoked only by objects of the defining class and its subclasses. Access is kept within the family. Private methods cannot be called with an explicit receiver.

create website Because you cannot specify an object when using them, private methods can be called only in the defining class and by direct descendents within that same object. The difference between ``protected'' and ``private'' is fairly subtle, and is different in Ruby than in most common OO languages. If a method is protected, it may be called by any instance of the defining class or its subclasses. If a method is private, it may be called only within the context of the calling object---it is never possible to access another object's private methods directly, even if the object is of the same class as the caller. Ruby differs from other OO languages in another important way.

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