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website design studio website design studio \n" If you combine the idea of an iterator with the auto-closing block feature, you get IO.foreach . This method takes the name of an I/O source, opens it for reading, calls the iterator once for every line in the file, and then closes the file automatically. IO.foreach("testfile") { |line| puts line } produces: This is line one This is line two This is line three And so on.

website design studio .. Or, if you prefer, you can retrieve an entire file into an array of lines: arr = IO.readlines("testfile") arr.length » 4 arr[0] » "This is line one\n" Don't forget that I/O is never certain in an uncertain world---exceptions will be raised on most errors, and you should be ready to catch them and take appropriate action.

website design studio Writing to Files So far, we've been merrily calling puts and print, passing in any old object and trusting that Ruby will do the right thing (which, of course, it does). But what exactly is it doing? The answer is pretty simple. With a couple of exceptions, every object you pass to puts and print is converted to a string by calling that object's to_s method. If for some reason the to_s method doesn't return a valid string, a string is created containing the object's class name and id, something like <ClassName:0x123456>. The exceptions are simple, too.

website design studio The nil object will print as the string ``nil,'' and an array passed to puts will be written as if each of its elements in turn were passed separately to puts. What if you want to write binary data and don't want Ruby messing with it? Well, normally you can simply use IO#print and pass in a string containing the bytes to be written. However, you can get at the low-level input and output routines if you really want---have a look at the documentation for IO#sysread and IO#syswrite on page 335. And how do you get the binary data into a string in the first place? The two common ways are to poke it in byte by byte or to use Array#pack . str = "" » "" str << 1 << 2 << 3 » "\001\002\003" [ 4, 5, 6 ].

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