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create web site create web site In his landmark book Object-Oriented Software Construction , Bertrand Meyer calls this the Uniform Access Principle. By hiding the difference between instance variables and calculated values, you are shielding the rest of the world from the implementation of your class. You're free to change how things work in the future without impacting the millions of lines of code that use your class. This is a big win.Class Variables and Class Methods So far, all the classes we've created have contained instance variables and instance methods: variables that are associated with a particular instance of the class, and methods that work on those variables.

create web site Sometimes classes themselves need to have their own states. This is where class variables come in. Class Variables A class variable is shared among all objects of a class, and it is also accessible to the class methods that we'll describe later. There is only one copy of a particular class variable for a given class. Class variable names start with two ``at'' signs, such as ``@@count''.

create web site Unlike global and instance variables, class variables must be initialized before they are used. Often this initialization is just a simple assignment in the body of the class definition. For example, our jukebox may want to record how many times each particular song has been played. This count would probably be an instance variable of the Song object. When a song is played, the value in the instance is incremented.

create web site But say we also want to know how many songs have been played in total. We could do this by searching for all the Song objects and adding up their counts, or we could risk excommunication from the Church of Good Design and use a global variable. Instead, we'll use a class variable. class Song   @@plays = 0   def initialize(name, artist, duration)    @name     = name     @artist   = artist     @duration = duration     @plays    = 0   end   def play     @plays += 1    @@plays += 1     "This  song: #@plays plays. Total #@@plays plays.

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